Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of Conditioned Reinforcers
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Behavioral and neural changes after gains and losses of conditioned reinforcers.
Human behaviors can be more powerfully influenced by conditioned reinforcers, such as money, than by primary reinforcers. Moreover, people often change their behaviors to avoid monetary losses. However, the effect of removing conditioned reinforcers on choices has not been explored in animals, and the neural mechanisms mediating the behavioral effects of gains and losses are not well understood...
متن کاملComparing gains and losses.
Loss aversion in choice is commonly assumed to arise from the anticipation that losses have a greater effect on feelings than gains, but evidence for this assumption in research on judged feelings is mixed. We argue that loss aversion is present in judged feelings when people compare gains and losses and assess them on a common scale. But many situations in which people judge and express their ...
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Metallothioneins (MT) are small proteins involved in heavy metal detoxification and protection against oxidative stress and cancer. The mammalian MT family originated through a series of duplication events which generated four major genes (MT1 to MT4). MT1 and MT2 encode for ubiquitous proteins, while MT3 and MT4 evolved to accomplish specific roles in brain and epithelium, respectively. Herein...
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One of the most robust phenomena in behavioral studies of decision making is loss aversion, the tendency for people to exhibit greater sensitivity to losses than to equivalent sized gains. We measured brain activity while individuals decided whether to accept or reject gambles without feedback. This design isolated activity reflecting decisions without contamination by the anticipation or exper...
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Monte Carlo simulations are used to demonstrate that a very attractive tax-based trading strategy is to realize all capital losses, using excess losses to offset realized gains to rebalance the portfolio. This strategy increases the mean and median return by taking advantage of the tax-deductibility of losses, and mitigates risk by allowing low-cost portfolio rebalancing. This portfolio rebalan...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Neuroscience
سال: 2009
ISSN: 0270-6474,1529-2401
DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4726-08.2009